Science

Dihydroberberine Science Studies

Glucose metabolism

Yin J, Gao Z, Liu D, Liu Z, Ye J. Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;294(1):E148-56. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2007. Epub 2007 Oct 30. PMID: 17971514; PMCID: PMC2464622. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17971514/

Zhang, H., Wei, J., Xue, R., Wu, J. D., Zhao, W., Wang, Z. Z., Wang, S. K., Zhou, Z. X., Song, D. Q., Wang, Y. M., Pan, H. N., Kong, W. J., and Jiang, J. D. Berberine lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through increasing insulin receptor expression. Metabolism 2010;59(2):285-292 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19800084/

Wei SC, Dong S, Xu LJ, Zhang CY. Intestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2014 Apr;34(2):186-189. doi: 10.1007/s11596-014-1256-6. Epub 2014 Apr 8. PMID: 24710930. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24710930/

Dihydroberberine Bioavailability

Moon JM, Ratliff KM, Hagele AM, Stecker RA, Mumford PW, Kerksick CM. Absorption kinetics of berberine and dihydroberberine and their impact on glycemia: a randomized, controlled, crossover pilot trial. Nutrients 2021;14(1):124. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8746601/

Feng R, Shou JW, Zhao ZX, He CY, Ma C, Huang M, Fu J, Tan XS, Li XY, Wen BY, Chen X, Yang XY, Ren G, Lin Y, Chen Y, You XF, Wang Y, Jiang JD. Transforming berberine into its intestineabsorbable form by the gut microbiota. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 15;5:12155. doi: 10.1038/srep12155. PMID: 26174047; PMCID: PMC4502414. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174047/

Healthy Blood pressure.

Ma YG, Liang L, Zhang YB, Wang BF, Bai YG, Dai ZJ, Xie MJ, Wang ZW. Berberine reduced blood pressure and improved vasodilation in diabetic rats. J Mol Endocrinol. 2017 Oct;59(3):191-204. doi: 10.1530/JME-17-0014. Epub 2017 May 17. PMID: 28515053. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28515053

Cardiovascular health.

Yang L, Zhu W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu W, Shen T. Efficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine 2023;112:154716. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36805484/

Chen J, Cao J, Fang L, Liu B, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Meng S. Berberine derivatives reduce atherosclerotic plaque size and vulnerability in apoE(-/-) mice. J Transl Med. 2014 Nov 26;12:326. doi: 10.1186/s12967-014-0326-7. PMID: 25425200; PMCID: PMC4261588. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25425200/

Digestive Health/ Gastrointestinal well-being.

Chen C, Yu Z, Li Y, Fichna J, Storr M. Effects of berberine in the gastrointestinal tract - a review of actions and therapeutic implications. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(5):1053-70. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X14500669. Epub 2014 Sep 3. PMID: 25183302. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25183302/

Li C, Dong N, Wu B, Mo Z, Xie J, Lu Q. Dihydroberberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits protective effect against dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Phytomedicine. 2021 Sep;90:153631. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153631. Epub 2021 Jun 25. PMID: 34253428. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34253428/

Insulin sensitivity

Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Espinel-Bermúdez MC. Effect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013 Oct;11(5):366-9. doi: 10.1089/met.2012.0183. Epub 2013 Jun 28. PMID: 23808999. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808999/

Cheng Z, Chen AF, Wu F, Sheng L, Zhang HK, Gu M, Li YY, Zhang LN, Hu LH, Li JY, Li J. 8,8- Dimethyldihydroberberine with improved bioavailability and oral efficacy on obese and diabetic mouse models. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010 Aug 15;18(16):5915-24. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.085. Epub 2010 Jul 1. PMID: 20663675. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20663675/

Weight Management

Ilyas Z, Perna S, Al-Thawadi S, Alalwan TA, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Gasparri C, Infantino V, Peroni G, Rondanelli M. The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Jul;127:110137. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137. Epub 2020 Apr 27. PMID: 32353823. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353823/

2 x longer lasting

It seems that 2 x longer lasting claim has come from the below article, where Buchanan, et al had studied the transdermal bioavailability of Dihydroberberine. This conclusion, unfortunately, cannot be extrapolated to the oral application of Dihydroberberine. Buchanan B, Meng Q, Poulin MM, Zuccolo J, Azike CG, Gabriele J, Baranowski DC. Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety assessment of transdermal berberine and dihydroberberine. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 26;13(3):e0194979. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194979. PMID: 29579096; PMCID: PMC5868852. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29579096/

 

Apple Cider Vinegar Science Studies

Healthy Weight

Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Ugajin S, Kaga T. Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009 Aug;73(8):1837-43. doi: 10.1271/bbb.90231. Epub 2009 Aug 7. PMID: 19661687. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19661687/

Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Kaga T. Acetic acid upregulates the expression of genes for fatty acid oxidation enzymes in liver to suppress body fat accumulation. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jul 8;57(13):5982-6. doi: 10.1021/jf900470c. PMID: 19469536. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19469536/

Healthy Blood Glucose Levels

Iman M, Moallem SA, Barahoyee A. Effect of apple cider vinegar on blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Pharm Sci. 2015;20(4): 163-168. https://ps.tbzmed.ac.ir/Article/PHARM_1559_20141222141412

Ostman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck I. Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;59(9):983-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602197. PMID: 16015276. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16015276/

Mitrou P, Petsiou E, Papakonstantinou E, Maratou E, Lambadiari V, Dimitriadis P, Spanoudi F, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis G. The role of acetic acid on glucose uptake and blood flow rates in the skeletal muscle in humans with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;69(6):734- 9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.289. Epub 2015 Jan 28. PMID: 25626409. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25626409/

Cholesterol

Fushimi T, Suruga K, Oshima Y, Fukiharu M, Tsukamoto Y, Goda T. Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Br J Nutr. 2006 May;95(5):916-24. doi: 10.1079/bjn20061740. PMID: 16611381. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16611381/

Zahra Beheshti, Yiong Huak Chan, Hamid Sharif Nia, Fatemeh Hajihosseini, Rogheyeh Nazari, Mohammad shaabani, Mohammad Taghi Salehi Omran. Influence of apple cider vinegar on blood lipids. Life Sci J 2012;9(4):2431-2440. (ISSN: 1097-8135). https://eprints.bmsu.ac.ir/6391/

Healthy Immune System

Ousaaid D, Mechchate H, Laaroussi H, Hano C, Bakour M, El Ghouizi A, Conte R, Lyoussi B, El Arabi I. Fruits Vinegar: Quality Characteristics, Phytochemistry, and Functionality. Molecules. 2021 Dec 30;27(1):222. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010222. PMID: 35011451; PMCID: PMC8746612. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35011451/

Ting Xia, Chaoyan Kang, Xiao Qiang, Xiaodong Zhang, Shaopeng Li, Kai Liang, Yiming Wang, Jianxin Wang, Hui Cao, Min Wang, Beneficial effect of vinegar consumption associated with regulating gut microbiome and metabolome. Current Research in Food Science. 2024, 8: 100566, (ISSN 2665-9271). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266592712300134X